Voltammetric sensing using an array of modified SPCE coupled with machine learning strategies for the improved identification of opioids in presence of cutting agents

This work reports the use of modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for identification three drugs abuse and two habitual cutting agents, caffeine paracetamol, combining voltammetric sensing chemometrics. In order to achieve this goal, codeine, heroin morphine were subjected Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) at pH 7, in elucidate their electrochemical fingerprints. The optimized SPCEs electrode array, which have a differentiated response oxidizable compounds, was derived from Carbon, Prussian blue, Cobalt (II) phthalocyanine, Copper oxide, Polypyrrole Palladium nanoparticles ink-modified electrodes. Finally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) coupled with Silhouette parameter assessment used select most suitable combination sensors presence agents.